Techy Drift

 The hardware and software used to deliver applications to the user can be seen in a layered or hierarchical manner as shown in the following figure. Layers and Views of a Computer System The user of those applications, the end user, generally is not concerned with the details of computer hardware. Therefore, the end user sees the computer system in terms of a set of applications. An application can be expressed in the programming language and developed by the application programmer.If one develops an application program as a set of machine instructions that is fully responsible for controlling the computer hardware, one is faced with a very complex task.To ease this chore, a set of system programs is provided. Some of these programs are referred to as utilities. These implement frequently used functions that assist in creation of program, files management, and the control of I/O devices. A programmer will make use of these facilities in developing an application, and the appl...

 The processor contains a set of registers that provide faster and smaller memory than the main memory. It provides two functions User-visible registers: Enable the machine or assembly language programmer to minimize main memory references by optimizing register use. For high-level languages, an optimizing compiler will attempt to make intelligent choices of which variables to assign to registers and which to main memory locations. Some high-level languages, such as C,allow the programmer to suggest to the compiler which variables should be held in registers. Control and status registers: It is used by the processor to control the operation of the processor and by privileged OS routines to control the execution of the program.      There is no clean division of registers in these two categories. For example, on some processors, the program counter is visible to the user, but for the most part it is not. For the purpose of the following discussion, however, it is conv...

Basic Elements  At a top level, a computer consists of Memory, Processor and I/O components, with one or more modules of each type. These components are interconnected in some fashion to achieve the main function of the computer which is to execute the programs. Thus, there are four main structural elements: Processor: Actually the main job of the processor is to control the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions. When there is only one processor, it is often referred to as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). I/O Modules: These are used to move data between the computer and its external environment. The external environment consists of variety of devices, including secondary memory for example disks,communications equipment, and terminals. Main Memory: It stores data and programs. This memory is usually volatile; i.e. the contents of the memory are lost when the computer is shut down. In contrast, the contents of disk memory are retained even when the c...

 Operating System:- An operating system is a program that manages the computer hardware.      It also provides a basis for application programs and acts as a intermediary between computer user and computer hardware. Some Operating Systems Windows Linux Ubuntu Mac OS X  IOS Android CLICK 👇 TO GET MORE   Types of Operating System Batch Operating system Time sharing Operating system Distributed Operating system Network Operating system Real Time Operating system Multi programming/Processing/Tasking Operating system Mobile Operating System CLICK 👇 TO GET MORE Functions of OS     Device Management  Process Management  Memory Management Security File Management  Mastermind Storage Management Input and Output Operations Main goals of Operating System Convenience-Provides convenient to user Efficiency-Operating system allows the computer system resources to be used in an efficient manner Ability to evolve:- An operating system should be c...

                                                                 Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay  From a slow start computers have developed speed and complexity through which they can process billions of information per second and solve problems beyond practical human range. The first computing began simply with the abacus , a rectangular series of beads mounted on rods, used from at least 1100 B.C for basic arithmetic.      Basically computer science is a study of computers and computing their theoretical and practical applications. As a discipline computer science covers a wide range of topics, from theoretical studies of algorithms ,computations and information to practical problems implementing computing systems in hardware and software.        During the Renaissance, inn...

Image by Muhammad Ribkhan from Pixabay E-mail In 1969 a company called Bolt Barenek and Newman won the contract to develop a communication network called ARPANET that would enable scientists and researchers to use each other's computer facilities. During it's development, an engineer named Ray Tomlinson(b. 1941) started to experiment with coding of two programs. SNDMSG allowed members of the same network to exchange messages among one another, whereas CPYNET allowed file transfers to occur between two separate networks. It occurred to Tomlinson that combining the two he would create a system that would make message transfer possible between different users of independent networks.             One of the most significant decisions made by Tomlinson was his choice of the symbol to separate the user's name from the host network name. It was a fairly logical choice, but one that revived the rather esoteric symbol and saved it from the brink of linguistic ...

  LCDs (liquid crystal display) are used in televisions, laptop computers and many portable electronic devices. In 1888 the properties of liquid crystals were first discovered by Friedrich Reinitzer. he was measuring the melting point of a cholesterol-based substance and noticed that it had two melting points: It melted at 293°F(145°C) to give a cloudy, glue like liquid, then again at 352°F(178°C) to give a clear liquid.     Otto Lehmann, an expert in crystal optics , studied these phases and found that the cloudy liquid had similar properties to the solid crystal. In the solid crystal the molecules are lined up neatly and in parallel.  In the cloudy liquid, the molecules can move around. However they tend to line up like in the solid crystal, reflecting light to appear cloudy. Lehmann named the liquid fliessende Kristalle, or liquid crystal.      In 1968 George Heilmeier led a group at the radio corporation of america to develop the first LCD. They us...