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Computer System Architecture

Article by Prabhakar Published on

 Based on number of general purpose processors computer systems are classified into three types.They are:

  1. Single Processor Systems.
  2. Multiprocessor Systems.
  3. Clustered Systems.

Single Processor Systems

  • From the name it is very clear that it has only single processor.
  • A major central processing unit that can execute a set of general utility instructions, including user process instructions.
  • There are some other special purpose processors present that performs device specific task.
  • In the single processor system apart from the main central processing unit(CPU) there are also other processors which are present which does not do the general purpose task but it performs some device specific task.


  • It means that we have a certain devices in our computers like keyboard, disk, etc. for all this they may be some microprocessor  which is specified to do a specific task related to that device like for example keyboard, when we press a key on our keyboard the keystroke has to be converted to some kind of code say a binary code so that the computer will understand what we have pressed or typing. So, your keyboard has a little microprocessor to turn that keystroke into a code, which is only going to do the special job of converting keystrokes into certain types of code, now they are the special purpose processors we are talking about. 
READ NOW  TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM

Multiprocessor Systems

  • From the name we can say it contains more than one processors. It is also known as parallel systems or tightly coupled systems. 



  • A multiprocessor system is a system that uses two or more CPUs (Central Processing Systems). In this type of system two or more processes are processed in parallel, i.e. at the same time interval.

Advantages 

High Throughput: Throughput is the number of processes executed by the CPU at a given time so this type of system has a high throughput.
Economic: These systems are also economically better as more work is done by the CPU.
Less electricity usages: In a single processor system, there is a high load as many processes have to be run at once. But the implementation of multiple processes in the implementation of the multiprocessor system is sometimes. This means that multiprocessor CPUs consume less power than a single processor. 
High Reliability: Multiple processors share their work with each other so the work is done collaboratively. That means these systems are reliable.

Disadvantages

Communication: Operating system implementation can be complicated as multiple processors communicate with each other.
Performance: If any processor fails to work, the task is divided into other processors. The bad effect is that the work is completed in high time and the performance of the system is affected.
 Required more memory: Because of multiprocessors work with each other, each processor requires memory space.

Types of multiprocessor system

Symmetric Multiprocessors: In this systems, each processor consists a same copy of the operating system and all interact with each other. All processors are peer to peer, meaning there is no master - slave relationship between them.
An encore version of Unix for a multi max computer is the best example of a symmetric multiprocessing system.
Asymmetric Multiprocessors: In asymmetric systems, each processor is given a pre-defined task. All other processors gets instructions from the master processor that asymmetric multiprocessor contains. Here we can see  master slave relationship in the asymmetric multiprocessor system.
Only asymmetric multiprocessor was available before creating symmetric multiprocessors. Even now, it is the cheapest option.

Clustered Systems

  • Clustered operating systems are similar to parallel operating systems because they have multiple central processing unit (CPU s). However, a cluster is created when two or more computer systems merge. Basically, in a cluster, computers share common storage and the system works together.


  • Here we have two clusters namely one is software cluster and another one is hardware cluster, which are use to cluster operating systems to work efficiently. 
  • Purpose of the hardware cluster is, it allows high-performance disk sharing between systems.
  • Purpose of software cluster is to allow all systems to work together.
Advantages
Advantages of clustered systems are:
  • High performance.
  • High scalability.
  • Increased tolerance.
Disadvantages

Disadvantages of clustered systems are:
  • To implement it is very expensive.
  • System installation is very complex.
  • Complex in supervision and Maintenance.

Types of Cluster System

Symmetric cluster: In this type of clustering, all nodes run applications simultaneously and monitor other nodes.
Asymmetric cluster:  In this type of clustering system, one of the nodes is in hot standby mode, while all the other nodes run different applications. The node in hot standby mode continuously monitors the entire cluster and acts as a replacement if any of the nodes fail.
Parallel cluster: These cluster systems allows multiple users to access the identical data in shared storage. This is achieved through the use of specialized software versions and applications.

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